Text
Move over Coke (and Pepsi) there's a new player in the cola wars. Meet OpenCola. Okay, that may be a bit of an overstatement, but the new soft drink is different from others in one key respect. "It's the world's first "open-source" consumer product", writes Graham Lawton in the British magazine, New Scientist (Feb. 2, 2002). While Coca-Cola and Pepsi guard their secret formulas, the makers of OpenCola give their recipe away on their Website: www.opencola.org. Not only that. They encourage people to make the stuff at home, and to modify and improve the recipe at will. There's one caveat: the modified formulas must also be freely available to the public. Why? Because as the open-source argument goes, if you let your customer play with the formula for your product, whether it's software code or a soft drink recipe, they'll find and fix flaws. And they will do it quicker and cheaper, and think up more creative improvements, than you ever could on your own, even with a huge R&D (Research and Development) budget and a team of engineers. In the end, everybody benefits from better software or better cola, as the case may be.
1. OpenCola is a kind of
a) Soft drink
b) Software
- Fruit juice
- Soft ice cream
2. The list of ingredients for OpenCola is
a) Available to people who pay for it
b) A heavily guar
c) Free to anyone who wants it ded secret
d) All natural
3. The recipe for OpenCola is found on
- The bottom of all their bottles
- Billboards across Europe
c)The Internet
d) Packages of sugar
4. The creators of OpenCola
a), Encourage people to make it by themselves ,
b) Discourage people from making it at home
c) Do not want people to change anything about their product
d) Live in fear of people discovering their recipe
5. If you let people play with the formula of your product
a) They will steal money from you
b) They will find and correct imperfections
- They will think of uncreative changes
- They will put you out of business
New words: caveat - warning; flow - вада, брак.
Text 3: From The Garden Party by {Catherine Mansfield Glossary:
sponge - губка, heap - купа, offspring - потомство
As the morning lengthened whole parties appeared over the sand-hills and came down on the beach to bathe. It was understood that at eleven o'clock the women and children of the summer colony had the sea to themselves. First the women undressed, put on their bathing dresses and covered their heads in ugly caps like sponge bags; then the children were unbuttoned. The beach was covered with little heaps of clothes and shoes; the big summer hats, with stones on them to keep them from blowing away, looked like enormous shells. It was strange that even the sea seemed to sound differently when all those leaping, laughing figures ran into the waves. Old Mrs. Fairfield, in a lilac cotton dress and a black hat lied under the chin, gathered her little offspring and got them ready. The little Trout boys threw their shirts over their heads, and away the five ran, while their grandma sat with one hand in her knitting-bag ready to take out the ball of wool when she was satisfied they were safely in.
Questions 16 through 20 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B,
C, or D)
16. What can be said about the beach at eleven o'clock?
a) There were no men there.
b) There was no one there.
c) There were only women there.
d) There were only children there.
17. According to the text what could be seen on the beach?
a) umbrellas
b) sponge bags
c) shoes and clothes
d) big shells
18. What action is likely to happened last?
a) The children undressed.
b) The women changed clothes.
c) Grandma Trout started to knit.
d) Mrs. Fairfield's children went into the sea.
19. Why did the sea seem to sound differently?
a) There were children running in it.
b) The wind was blowing in a different direction.
c) There was almost no one there.
d) In the morning the sea always sounds different.
20. Why was the Trout boys' grandma waiting before starting to knit?
a) She wanted to knit with her friends.
b) She didn't want to be disturbed by the boys.
c) She thought that knitting on the beach was dangerous.
d) She didn't know what to knit.
Text 4: From The Women Who Came in the Mayflower by Annie Russell Marble
December weather in New England, even at its best, is a test of physical strength. With warm clothes and sheltering homes today, we find compensations for the cold winds and storms in the exciting winter sports and the good cheer of the holiday season.
The passengers of The Mayflower anchored in Plymouth harbor, three hundred years ago, lacked compensations of sports or the warmth of a fireplace. One hundred and two in number when they sailed, - of whom twenty-nine were women, - they had been crowded for ten weeks into a vessel that was expected to cany about half the number of passengers. In low spaces between decks, with some fine weather when the open hatchways allowed air to enter and more stormy days when they were shut in amongst discomforts of all kinds, they had come at last within sight of the place where, contrary to their plans, they were destined to make their settlement, Plymouth.
Questions 21 through 25 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C. or D)
21. From the text we can assume winters in New England are:
a) cold and windy.
b) snowy but not very cold.
c) dry and sunny.
d) full of fine weather.
22. Which is NOT a reason why people in New England nowadays like winter?
a) It has many winter sports.
b) People live in warm homes.
c) There is a lot of good holiday cheer.
d) It's a test of physical endurance.
23. How many passengers was The Mayflower designed to carry?
a) just 29
b) around 50
c) up to 102
d) as many as 300
24. Which statement is true?
a) There were as many men on The Mayflower as women.
b) The trip to America was comfortable.
c) There was a lot of space on The Mayflower.
d) Travelling to America took two and a half months.
25. What can we say about Plymouth as the Mayflower's passengers' final
destination?
a) They enjoyed the winter there.
b)They had not planned to go there.
c) They decided not to live there.
d) They knew they had arrived in the right place.
Text 5: From Are Kids' Sports Too Competitive? by Ross Workman, Time Magazine for Kids
YES! The pressure put on kids to win at all costs has become a real negative. I've had parents tell me that they treat baseball like homework. They make a child practice every day. They say, "He doesn't like it, but he'll thank me later." When kids arc discovering the joys of sports, they should be encouraged to play whatever they want at a level that suits them. That way, they will learn what sports they enjoy and will become well-rounded. Playing numerous sports helps develop overall athleticism. As kids mature, they will be able to decide which sports to focus on. Sports teach kids so much. We need to let kids choose and explore.
• Cal Ripken Jr., baseball great, runs a foundation that promotes youth sports.
NO! The problem is not competition. Л professional sports mentality is polluting youth sports. Professional sport is a business focused on making money. Youth sports arc about athletes learning lessons that will help them succeed in life. Competition is part of life, and there is no better place than on the playing field to compete in a way that honors the game, as Cal Ripken Jr. always did. To win graciously and play by the rules arc lessons best taught through sports. When athletes have trainers who want to win whilc following the more important goal of using sports to teach life lessons, competition is healthy, beneficial and enjoyable.
- Jim Thompson is the executive director of the Positive Coaching Alliance.
Questions 26 through 30 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter А, В, С, D)
26. According to Cal Ripken Jr., children must:
a) practice sports every day like homework.
b) win at their sport at all costs.
c) choose their own sport.
d) thank their parents later in life,
27. Cal Ripken Jr. does NOT believe that children should
a) plays sports.
b) always be expected to win.
c) try different sports to find one they like.
d) learn the joys of sports.
28. According to Jim Thompson, children should:
a) learn about competition to learn about life.
b) become active in professional sports.
c) focus on making money.
d) find a better place than on the playing Held to compete.
29. Jim Thompson docs NOT believe that competition is:
a) a big problem.
b) part of life.
c) healthy.
d) positive influence.
30. Who would agree with the statement, "Sport leaches kids many things."?
a) Cal Ripken Jr.
b) Jim Thompson
c) both Cal Ripken Jr. and Jim Thompson
d)neither Cal Ripken Jr. nor Jim Thompson